The Matisse You May Not Know

A new show, “Matisse:  Radical Invention, 1913-1917,â€� is the Museum of Modern Art’s important, powerful exhibition of work from an artist in turmoil and conflict, work unlike any Matisse painted before or after. These are not pictures of ravishing color and free-spirited happiness.

   They are instead tough, reductive, gritty and often hard to grasp.

   Henri Matisse, a son of the bourgeoisie, achieved early success as a painter of refinement and as a colorist so intense that he co-invented Fauvism. He had also revived interest in sculpture with his blunt, heavy deconstructions of the human form. (See the wonderful “Backâ€� bronze reliefs on display in this show.) And he could snarl: Just look at “Blue Nudeâ€� of 1907. But when Picasso, who would become his good friend, exhibited “Demoiselles d’Avignonâ€� in 1907, Matisse’s self-assurance faded. The sheer ferocity of the Picasso, and the fact that so many Matisse patrons switched to the Spaniard — as if there were a competition between these incomparable giants of art — caused Matisse to withdraw from Paris by 1910.

   He relocated to the suburbs and began traveling: Germany, Russia, Spain — where he saw Islamic, Russian-church, and Moorish art — as well as paintings by Goya, El Greco and Velasquez. But most importantly, he spent two long periods in Morocco, where he seemed to absorb the light and its cleansing, editing effect on color and shape.

   By 1914, when Matisse was again in a studio on Quai Saint-Michel, he seemed consumed with making and remaking paintings, deconstructing the world then putting it together again, but with the wounds and seams showing. This is a world of blacks, soiled whites and amorphous grays that slash or muddy any colors they meet, of rough surfaces and seething emotion. 

   One might think that Matisse was influenced by the rise of photography and its often hazy, grayed images. Just look at the great “Goldfish and Palette,â€� a scene in the painter’s studio. The riot of color is slashed down the middle with a big swoop of black as though the painter were crossing out the joy we expected. The palette of the title is an amorphous blob of grays, and even the poor little goldfish are outlined in heavy black, almost like those we’ve seen on TV from the BP oil spill.

   In “Woman on a High Stoolâ€� and “The Piano Player,â€� both masterpieces in grays, washes of color barely relieve the somber formalism.  Even the face of the pianist — Matisse’s teenage son — is only a splash of orange. In “The Moroccan,â€� one of Matisse’s favorite works of the period, the figures are barely hinted at, the colors washed out as if by the sun.

   And then, at the conclusion of the show, there is the very great “Bathers by a River.â€� Begun in 1909 to be a pretty, playful decoration for a grand house in Moscow, the giant painting emerged in 1916 reworked into four gaunt, ghostly figures all gray with only hints of living flesh tones. This is a 20th-century masterpiece that’s hard to love.

   There are more than 100 paintings, sculptures and prints in the show. All were selected to show Matisse’s willingness — even need — to reexamine his methods of making art, reduce them to an essence still short of abstraction, which both he and Picasso rejected, and work and rework them until he was satisfied. While the curators dwell on the forensics of the works, for most of us the mysterious, puzzling greatness of many pieces speaks for itself. 

   Of course these years of intense self-examination were unsustainable.  Soon Matisse moved to the south of France where his paintings and works on and with paper became cheerful and more relaxed again. But they never lost the reductive structure and determination he developed from 1913 to 1917.

       “Matisse:  Radical Inventionâ€� is at MOMA in New York City through Oct. 11.  The museum is open Saturday to Monday, 10:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.; closed on Tuesday; open Wednesday and Thursday, 10:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. (except every Thursday in August and Sept. 2 and Oct. 7, when it is open until 8:45 p.m.); and Friday, 10:30 a.m. to 8 p.m.

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